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Reports of such cases originate from all continents. Cervicofacial lymphadenitis is the most common manifestation in immunocompetent children. The microorganism is now also known to cause cutaneous and subcutaneous infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and pneumonitis in immunocompromised patients. haemophilum has since been recognized as an emerging pathogen in a variety of syndromes.

haemophilum in an otherwise healthy child ( 31), and M. In 1981, Dawson and colleagues described a case of submandibular lymphadenitis due to M.

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haemophilum was first described in 1978 as a pathogen causing skin infections most frequently in immunocompromised patients, which may explain its preferred growth temperature of 30☌ ( 130).

haemophilum likely remain unrecognized, although suspicion should arise when AFB are visualized in smears and when cultures fail to yield an etiologic agent. Thus, the classification of mycobacteria into several Runyon groups based on growth characteristics and pigment production may not be applicable to M. haemophilum, or the “blood-loving” mycobacterium, is a slowly growing AFB that differs from all other identified Mycobacterium species in preferring a lower growth temperature and having a unique culture requirement for iron supplementation. haemophilum cervicofacial lymphadenitis in immunocompetent patients favors surgical intervention rather than antibiotic treatment. No standard treatment guidelines are available, but published literature agrees that immunocompromised patients should be treated with multiple antibiotics, tailored to the disease presentation and underlying degree of immune suppression. haemophilum-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS), but another approach is the application of a generic PCR for a mycobacterium-specific fragment with subsequent sequencing to identify M. The most preferable molecular assay is a real-time PCR targeting an M. haemophilum includes acid-fast staining, culturing at two temperatures with iron-supplemented media, and molecular detection.

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A full diagnostic regimen for the optimal detection of M. The second at-risk group is otherwise healthy children, who typically develop cervical and perihilar lymphadenitis. Disseminated and pulmonary infections occasionally occur. haemophilum causes mainly ulcerating skin infections and arthritis in persons who are severely immunocompromised. Several findings suggest that water reservoirs are a likely source of M. Summary: Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slowly growing acid-fast bacillus (AFB) belonging to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) frequently found in environmental habitats, which can colonize and occasionally infect humans and animals.

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